Panchayati Raj and Devolution: UPSC GS-II Guide
A focused explanation of the 73rd Amendment, local self-government and implementation challenges.
Constitutional framework
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment gave constitutional status to Panchayats through Part IX and the Eleventh Schedule. It provides for elected local bodies, reservation, a five-year term, State Election Commissions and State Finance Commissions.
The real issue is devolution
Local government is meaningful when functions, funds and functionaries move together. States vary widely in transferring the 29 subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule. Untied funds, trained staff, reliable local data and social audits determine whether constitutional design becomes service delivery.
Mains approach
Link decentralisation to participation, accountability and locally appropriate planning. Then balance this with obstacles such as parallel bodies, weak fiscal capacity, delayed elections and unequal participation. Conclude with predictable transfers, capacity building and transparent Gram Sabha processes.
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